Orient.html



The Orient is a term which simply means the "east". It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world. It is now used in the Western world to describe Eastern Asia.

To describe a person as Oriental is considered to be impolite and politically incorrect by some in the United States; the term Asian is now widely used. In the United States Oriental refers to objects and material good such as rugs and teapots. However, the term Oriental does not carry any such connotations in the United Kingdom, where the word Asian commonly refers to people of Indian/Bangladeshi/Pakistani/Sri Lankan descent. (These people are called South Asians in the United States.)

Derivation

The term "Orient" is derived from the Latin word oriens meaning "east" (lit. "rising" < orior "rise"). The use of the word for "rising" to refer to the east (where the sun rises) has analogs from many languages: compare the terms "Levant" (< French levant "rising"), "Anatolia" (< Greek anatole), "mizrahi" in Hebrew ("zriha" meaning sunrise), "sharq" Arabic: شرق‎ (< Arabic yashroq Arabic: يشرق‎ "rise", shrooq Arabic: شروق‎ "rising") and "The Land of the Rising Sun" to refer to Japan.

The opposite term "Occident" is derived from the Latin word occidens meaning "west" (lit. "setting" < "occido" "fall/set"). This term was once used to describe the West (where the sun sets) but is falling into disuse.

Usage of term

In time, the common understanding of 'the Orient' has continually shifted eastwards; as Europe learned of countries farther East, the defined limit of 'the Orient' shifted eastwards, until it reached the Pacific Ocean, in what Westerners came to call 'the Far East'.

Initially, the "Orient" referred primarily to the cultures and countries of what are now considered the Middle East. For example the Three Kings of the Orient in Christianity were not from China, Japan etc. This particularly included regions that used to be known as Persia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Egypt. As awareness of other Asian countries grew in European consciousness, the term often came to mean South Asia, Southeast Asia or East Asia. By the late 19th century, the term usually referred to China, Japan, Korea and surrounding nations while the British colonists frequently used it when speaking of India. Remnants of the older conception of the Orient still exist in the English language in such collocations as Oriental studies (now largely replaced by Asian studies), Oriental rug and Oriental harem. It has taken on a specific usage since the publication of Edward Said's influential book, "Orientalism" (1980).

"Oriental" has been used by the West as a term to describe cultures, countries, peoples and goods from the Orient. Oriental is also used as an adjective akin to "eastern", especially in the Spanish-speaking world. For example, the Philippine islands of Mindoro and Negros are each divided into two provinces whose titles include the words "oriental" and "occidental" respectively. The official name of Uruguay is the República Oriental del Uruguay or Oriental Republic of Uruguay because it is east of the Río de la Plata¹.

Perceptions and connotations

American English

Controversy surrounds connotations of the term in American English. (See also American and British English differences.) According to Abdurrahman R. Squires, "politically correct terms have taken the place of the word 'Orientalism'".²

While a number of reference works used in the United States describe Oriental as pejorative, antiquated or offensive in some instances, the American Heritage Book of English Usage notes that

It is worth remembering, though, that Oriental is an ethnic slur to be avoided in all situations. It is most objectionable in contemporary contexts and when used as a noun, as in "the appointment of an Oriental to head the commission". In these cases Asian (or a more specific term such as Vietnamese, Korean, or Asian American, if appropriate) is the only acceptable term. But in certain historical contexts, or when its exotic connotations are integral to the topic, Oriental remains a useful term.³

Random House's Guide to Sensitive Language states "Other words (e.g., Oriental, colored) are outdated or inaccurate." This Guide to Sensitive Language suggests the use of "Asian or more specific designation such as Pacific Islander, Chinese American, [or] Korean." ⁴ Merriam-Webster describes the term as "sometimes offensive,"⁵ Encarta states when the term is used as a noun it is considered "a highly offensive term for somebody from East Asia." ⁶

British English

In British English, the terms "Asian" (noun or adjective) and "British Asian" (noun), when used in reference to people, usually refer to South Asian peoples - especially the ethnic groups of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.

The term "oriental" is standard usage to describe one of East Asian extraction⁷, and has no pejorative connotations. The alternative is usually to use "Far Eastern," or refer to the specific country from which an individual or family may have originated, if this is known.

Australian English

In Australian English, the term "Asian" is used in reference to people of Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans and Japanese ethnicity (or any ethnicities from Central Asia) for the darker skinned asians Indians etc. Australians use the respective term for the ethnicity for example: A person of Korean, Vietnamese, Japanese or Chinese ethnicity would be called an Asian, However a person of Indian or Sri Lankan ethnicity would be called Indian or Sri Lankan respectively. The word Oriental is usually quite rare in common talk in Australia.^{citation needed}

Canadian English

In Canadian English, like Australian English the term "Asian" is used most often to people of eastern Asian descent. It can be expanded however, to include the more southern Asian countries such as India, which is quite common, especially in use by South Asians themselves. The term "Oriental" only sometimes is regarded as offensive, and seems to be a regional connotation more than a racial or derisive one, and is commonly used by Asians of Canadian birth.^{citation needed} Academic and ethnic-activists. as elsewhere, do not generally use the term in a neutral sense, and continue the campaign to re-brand this and other commonplace English words as derogatory.

See also

• Turkic peoples
• Orientalism
• Orientalizing Period of Archaic Greek art
• Asian
• Eastern world
• Western world
• Orient Express
• Orient Watch
• Political correctness
• School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London

Notes

1. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Uruguay
2. ^ Abdurrahman R. Squires (2006-02-12). "Orientalism, Misinformation and Islam". Archived from the original on 2007-06-29.
3. ^ Asian, The American Heritage Book of English Usage
4. ^ Race, Ethnicity, and National Origin Sensitive Language, Random House
5. ^ Oriental Merriam-Webster
6. ^ Oriental, Encarta
7. ^ Squat Issue 1.7 - Burt Kwouk Q&A an example of this usage

References and further reading

• The American Oriental Society
• The Oriental Instititute at University of Chicago
• On Asian and Oriental Model Minority posting by Alan Hu
• Banned Words For comparative analysis: a list "banned" words (including Oriental) as documented by Diane Ravitch.
• The Critic in the Orient by George Hamlin Fitch
• German Orient Gate