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For similar gestures in other cultures, see Prostration.
"Kotou" redirects here. For the village in Burkina Faso, see Kotou, Burkina Faso.


Kowtow

Kowtowing in a court
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese: 叩頭 or 磕頭
Simplified Chinese: 叩头
Hanyu Pinyin: kòutóu or kētóu
Literal meaning: kowtow
Japanese name
Kanji: 叩頭 (noun); 叩頭く (verb)
Hiragana: こうとう (noun); ぬかずく or ぬかつく (verb)
Korean name
Hangul: 고두
Hanja: 叩頭
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese: khấu đầu

Kowtow (traditional Chinese: 叩頭; simplified Chinese: 叩头; pinyin: Kòu tóu; Cantonese: Kau tàuh) is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to touch the head to the ground. An alternative Chinese term is ketou (Chinese: 磕頭; pinyin: Kētóu). In Han Chinese culture, the kowtow is the highest sign of reverence. It was formerly widely used to show reverence for one's elders, superiors, and especially the Emperor, as well as for religious and cultural objects of worship. In modern times, usage of the kowtow has become much reduced.

Contents

Traditional usage

In Imperial Chinese protocol, the kowtow was performed before the Emperor of China. Depending on the solemnity of the situation, different grades of kowtow would be used. In the most solemn of ceremonies, for example at the coronation of a new Emperor, the Emperor's subjects would undertake the ceremony of the "three kneelings and nine kowtows", which involves kneeling from a standing position three times, and each time, performing the kowtow three times while kneeling. More usually, however, a single kowtow is sufficient.

As government officials represent the majesty of the Emperor while carrying out their duties, commoners are also required to kowtow to them in formal situations. For example, a commoner brought before a local magistrate would be required to kneel and kowtow. A commoner is then required to remin kneeling, whereas a person who has earned a degree in the Imperial examinations is permitted a seat.

Since one is required by Confucian philosophy to show great reverence to one's parents and grandparents, children may also be required to kowtow to their elderly ancestors, particularly on special occasions. For example, at a wedding, the marrying couple was traditionally required to kowtow to both sets of parents, as acknowledgment of the debt owed for their nurturing.

Confucius believed there was a natural harmony between the body and mind and therefore, whatever actions were expressed through the body would be transferred over to the mind.citation needed Because the body is placed in a low position in the kowtow, the idea is that you will naturally convert to your mind a feeling of respect. What you do to your body has an impact on your mind. It is important to remember that respect was needed to have a good society according to the confucian philosophy. That is why bowing was so important.

Modern usage

The kowtow, and other traditional forms of reverence, were much maligned after the May Fourth Movement. Today, only vestiges of the traditional usage of the kowtow remain. In many situations, the standing bow has replaced the kowtow.

For example, some, but not all, people would choose to kowtow before the grave of an ancestor, or while making traditional offerings to an ancestor. Direct descendants may also kowtow at the funeral of an ancestor, while others would simply bow.

During a wedding, some couples may kowtow to their respective parents, though the standing bow is today more common.

In extreme cases, the kowtow can be used to express profound gratitutde, apology, or to beg for forgiveness.

Traditional Chinese martial arts schools employ the ritual in their discipleship ceremonies.

Religion

The kowtow is often performed in groups of three before Buddhist statues and images or tombs of the dead. In Buddhism it is more commonly termed either "worship with the crown (of the head)" (頂禮 ding li) or "casting the five limbs to the earth" (五體投地 wuti tou di) - referring to the two arms, two legs and forehead. For example, in certain ceremonies, a person would perform a sequence of three sets of three kowtows - stand up and kneel down again between each set - as an extreme gesture of respect; hence the term three kneelings and nine head knockings (三跪九叩). Also, some Buddhist pilgrims would kowtow once for every three steps made during their long journeys. Often the number three referring to the Triple Gem of Buddhism, the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.

Diplomacy and the West

Kowtow came into English in the early 19th century to describe the bow itself, but its meaning soon shifted to describe any abject submission or grovelling. Many westerners who first encountered the practice believed it was a sign of worship, but kowtowing does not necessarily have religious overtones in traditional Chinese culture.

Kowtow was very important in the diplomacy of China with European powers, since it was required to come into the presence of the Emperor of China, but it meant submission before him. Dutch traders, such as A. E. van Braam Houckgeest had no problem with kowtowing since they represented only themselves, but the British embassies of George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney (1793) and William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst (1816) were foiled since kowtowing would mean acknowledging their King as a subject of the Emperor.

The kowtow was often performed in intra-Asian diplomatic relations as well. According to Annals of Joseon Dynasty, a Korean source, in 1596, Japanese Daimyo Toyotomi Hideyoshi who unified Japan had to kneel five times on the ground and hit his head three times on the ground (五拜三叩头礼), to show his vassal status to the Chinese Ming Dynasty.1 In 1636, Injo who king of the Korean Joseon Dynasty had to kneel 3 times on the ground and hit his head 9 times on the ground (三拜九叩頭禮), to show his vassal status to Huang Taiji who the first Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China.2

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 宣祖 83卷, 29年(1596 丙申 / 명 만력(萬曆) 24年) 12月 7日(己巳) 5번째기사 중국 사신이 병부에 보낸 계첩, Annals of Joseon Dynasty, http://sillok.history.go.kr/viewer/viewtype1.jsp?id=wna_12912007_005&grp=&aid=&sid=4183897&pos=0. "朝鮮王朝實錄 宣祖 83卷, 29年( 1596 丙申 / 萬曆 24年) 12月 7日] " 倭將行長, 馳報秀吉, 擇於九月初二日, 奉迎冊命於大坂〔大阪〕地方受封。 職等初一日, 持節前往, 是日卽抵大坂〔大阪〕。 次日領受欽賜圭印、官服, 旋卽佩執頂被, 望闕行五拜三叩頭禮, 承奉誥命。"". 
  2. ^ 仁祖 34卷, 15年 (1636) 正月30日, Annals of Joseon Dynasty. "龍胡入報, 出傳汗言曰: “前日之事, 欲言則長矣。 今能勇決而來, 深用喜幸。” 上答曰: “天恩罔極。” 龍胡等引入, 設席於壇下北面, 請上就席, 使淸人臚唱。 上行三拜九叩頭禮。". 

References

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